
Jobs are generally posted internally for a week before they are posted externally. The best way to get ahead is to take initiative with the group that you would like to work with or have greater responsibilities with, and to discuss with the senior people in that group how you could move ahead with them. In that, they would likely keep you up to date on personnel needs.
It all depends on the department. In the department I was in, your work speaks for you. In other departments, from what people told me, it's who you know.
Poorly. It rarely has anything to do with how well they do their job.
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